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James Smith missed his final housing payment to the University of Massachusetts Amherst when he spent a year there in an exchange program on his way to a degree at the University of Minnesota.

Strapped and with his family struggling financially at the time, he promised to pay off the $2,000 balance as soon as he could. But then collection fees were added and, because of a clerical mistake, he was charged an additional amount owed by another student with the same name.

Smith gave up. In response, the university refused to release his transcript showing the credits he had earned and paid for during his time at UMass. To make up for them, he had to take a crush of extra courses back in Minnesota 鈥� the maximum allowed without requiring additional tuition 鈥� until he had enough to graduate.

鈥淚t definitely made for a pretty horrible year and a half,鈥� Smith said about the impact of a policy he called 鈥渂oth stupid and shortsighted.鈥� In the end, he said, 鈥淯Mass never got its money, and I had to repeat a year of college because I was broke.鈥�

Stories like this are emerging nationwide in response to under which students are prevented from obtaining their credits and degrees because they owe even small amounts of money to the universities and colleges they attended.

Critics call it 鈥渢ranscript ransom.鈥�

Nearly all higher education institutions withhold transcripts from students who have even the smallest of balances, according to the higher education consulting firm Ithaka S+R, which has estimated that about 6.6 million Americans are blocked from obtaining their transcripts or degrees because of unpaid bills.

But some institutions are changing this policy as they recognize the huge impact 鈥� and very bad optics 鈥� of withholding transcripts, a practice that almost exclusively affects low-income students. Anger over this has only grown at a time when many families are suffering through the financial fallout of the Covid-19 pandemic.

In the most significant development, Southern New Hampshire University has now stopped blocking transcripts; it says it is has begun releasing these records to the 2,257 students from whom they were withheld over the last year alone because of unpaid balances that average $728.

SNHU has an enrollment of around 150,000, most of it online, a spokeswoman said, which makes it one of the nation鈥檚 largest single nonprofit providers of higher education.

The university doesn鈥檛 know how many students in all have been blocked from obtaining their transcripts over the years, though the registrar, Deanna Bechard, said there are four file cabinets in her office filled with degrees awaiting payment. Under the change in policy, all will now be sent out as soon as graduates鈥� addresses can be found.

Since the start of the pandemic, 鈥渨e were getting more and more concerns from students because they owed money, and how can they pay us if they can鈥檛 get a job,鈥� said Bechard. 鈥淎s we thought about the student experience, we were thinking, these poor students went through four years of their education, and now they can鈥檛 get their diploma because they have a balance?鈥�

As for whether withholding transcripts encouraged people to pay their debts, Bechard said, 鈥淚t was marginally successful and 鈥榤arginally鈥� is probably a strong word. The only thing it really did was prompt a conversation between the student and our accounts receivable department. It didn鈥檛 make them write a check.鈥�

Philander Smith College in Arkansas announced during commencement ceremonies that it would forgive all outstanding balances for the classes of 2020 and 2021 鈥� which came to about $80,000 鈥� avoiding students鈥� degrees from being blocked.

鈥淚f you鈥檝e got a balance, know that your balance is no more,鈥� . He said the gesture was 鈥渋n the spirit of doing all the good we can.鈥�

In Massachusetts, where transcript withholding has come under particular scrutiny, the chairman of the Board of Higher Education is publicly questioning the policy, and the board has ordered state colleges and universities to report back about how many students are affected. Data previously obtained from the institutions by The Hechinger Report and GBH News shows .

鈥淪ome of these students are in difficult personal situations,鈥� the chairman, Chris Gabrieli, said. The fact that so few of these balances have been paid off 鈥渄oes not inspire one that the hold process is a powerful tool. I think it鈥檚 the other way around,鈥� since blocking transcripts often prevents would-be graduates from transferring, going on to graduate school or getting the jobs they need to pay their debts. 鈥淪tudents should be able to have their transcripts they need to advance their agenda.鈥�

Gabrieli, who is also a lecturer at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, wondered aloud why entire transcripts are being withheld if students owe money only for a single course or a semester, or for library fines or parking tickets.

鈥淚t鈥檚 an odd thing to say their fully paid-for past semesters aren鈥檛 theirs,鈥� he said.

One Massachusetts school, Bunker Hill Community College, dropped its transcript withholding policy in response to the reporting by Hechinger and GBH. Another, the University of Massachusetts Boston, said during the investigation that it held transcripts for overdue balances in any amount; afterward, however, , and it would withhold transcripts only for unpaid bills of $1,000 or more.

A measure working its way through the Massachusetts legislature if they owe money to a public university or college. California last year became the first state in which public and private higher educational institutions were of students who have unpaid debts. A new Washington State law requires that students who owe money be allowed to get their transcripts in order to apply for jobs. And a coalition of advocacy groups in New York is pushing for legislation there like California鈥檚.

One Michigan resident was inspired by this burst of attention to resume his fight with his former university over a debt it said he owed for a course he never took.

Desmond Wright-Glenn registered for the course at Wayne State University in 2016 but then learned that, after fees he hadn鈥檛 known about were added, his scholarship wouldn鈥檛 cover the full cost. Wright-Glenn concedes that he never canceled his registration, but also says he never logged into or attended the course. Still, he was charged for it in full, and when he couldn鈥檛 pay, his transcript listing all the other classes he鈥檇 completed was withheld.

鈥淥ther than that transcript, I had no way of substantiating that [education] other than my word,鈥� said Wright-Glenn, who had hoped to go to graduate school. 鈥淚t shut me down. I at that point was living paycheck to paycheck and didn鈥檛 have $1,400 to give them鈥� 鈥� the amount the university said he owed.

His career plateaued, he said; even to get promoted at the long-term care company where he worked, he needed to provide his transcript.

Seeing news coverage of other students trapped in the same situation, Wright-Glenn, now 36, sent emails about his case in late March and early April to every member of Wayne State鈥檚 board of governors, his legislators and the governor of Michigan. A few days later, he got an email from the university bursar鈥檚 office telling him that his bill had been rescinded and his transcript would be released to him.

鈥淚鈥檓 not sure whose ear I got in,鈥� Wright-Glenn said. 鈥淚 think it wasn鈥檛 a good look. Maybe someone said, 鈥楧id this seriously happen, and are we seriously charging someone for nothing?鈥� 鈥�

Although its administrative procedures manual , a spokesman for the university said exceptions 鈥渁re sometimes made on a case-by-case basis.鈥� He said transcripts are released upon request to prospective employers even if there is a hold on a student鈥檚 account.

Now, in addition to finally applying to graduate school, Wright-Glenn is considering starting an advocacy organization for other students who can鈥檛 get their transcripts. He鈥檚 already toying with a name: Free the Grades.

鈥淚 feel like I won, but then there are 6.6 million other people out there who haven鈥檛 won, who don鈥檛 have my tenacity,鈥� he said.

Other students have stepped forward with similar accounts. One who was studying toward a degree to become a special education teacher had her transcript blocked when her financial aid ran out and she couldn鈥檛 pay for a summer course she鈥檇 taken.

鈥淢y life has been at a standstill for years,鈥� she said. Meanwhile, 鈥淚鈥檓 still paying student loans for a degree I鈥檓 not allowed to have.鈥�

That鈥檚 a story Viv茅 Griffith hears often as director of outreach and engagement for the Clemente Course in the Humanities, which offers free classes nationwide to low-income adults to encourage them to go, or go back, to college. Many are prevented from doing so because they have unpaid bills and can鈥檛 obtain the transcripts listing the credits they鈥檝e already earned.

鈥淭hese are people who are 35 or 45 and they went to college when they were 18,鈥� but never finished, Griffith said. 鈥淭hey leave us, and they鈥檝e got confidence and skills about continuing on in school, and then they hit a complete dead end.鈥�

In many cases, students want to pay their debts but can鈥檛. The money they owe started to pile up during a financial emergency or because of unanticipated expenses.

鈥淚t鈥檚 important to recognize that there鈥檚 a difference between willingly and knowingly accruing debt versus something happening,鈥� Griffith said. Besides, she said, 鈥減eople are much more likely to get this debt paid back if they can get degrees and make more money.鈥�

Bechard, at SNHU, pointed out that 鈥渆ven reversing this policy is not wiping the balance these students owe. It鈥檚 giving them an opportunity to get a job to pay the bill.鈥�

Smith, now 49 and a lawyer in California, still reflects on his experience with UMass.

鈥淚 recognize I鈥檓 a lot luckier鈥� than many others who have been through the same experience, he said. 鈥淚 didn鈥檛 have to drop out of school. I didn鈥檛 have to take a hiatus. I was able to finish and get a degree. But I basically had to repeat my sophomore year of college because of this.鈥�

Universities鈥� blocking of transcripts appears financially self-defeating and sometimes reads like bureaucratic parody.

Thomas Tarowsky went back to the campus of his alma mater, West Virginia University, for a meeting in 2014 and got a $20 parking ticket. Soon after that he received 鈥渁 rather terse and pedantic letter鈥� from the university telling him his academic transcript would be withheld until he paid the fine.

Tarowsky was 65 at the time and a retired college dean.

A WVU spokeswoman said it 鈥渧alue[s] each member of our university family鈥� and invited Tarowsky to get in touch about his case.

For his part, Tarowsky said that not only has the ticket remained unpaid, 鈥渂ut I have not and will not contribute to the alumni association.鈥�

This story about was produced by , a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education, in collaboration with GBH News. Additional reporting by Kirk Carapezza. It is published here in partnership with . Sign up for our .

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