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The pandemic had already forced students out of classrooms when George Floyd鈥檚 death at the hands of a Minneapolis police officer pushed school leaders nationwide to reconsider the role cops play on campuses. Now, as students trickle back into schools for the first time in a year in many places, including the city where Floyd was killed, districts that severed ties with police departments face their first big test.

Across the country, advocates for police-free schools said the moment offers mixed emotions. After years of advocacy and nationwide Black Lives Matter protests that gave their movement unprecedented momentum, proponents said the return to in-person learning provides an opportunity to prove that police aren鈥檛 necessary to maintain safe schools.

But they鈥檙e also on edge about whether districts are fully committed to less punitive school safety strategies, especially as pandemic-induced disruptions and public health rules like mask mandates drag on. After the lengthy shutdown where students faced family illness, economic instability, isolation and learning loss, some experts worry that many could return to schools with

Anxiety is particularly high in Minneapolis, where barricades and razor wire were erected downtown as the murder trial of former Minneapolis officer Derek Chauvin, charged in Floyd鈥檚 death, got underway. The final juror was selected Tuesday. The appearance of a militarized city and the trial鈥檚 outcome could further traumatize students, leading to concern among advocates that negative interactions between police and youth could spill over into schools. The district is already preparing to help guide students through potential turmoil, officials said.

鈥淚鈥檓 worried about what the impact of the trial will do to our city right now, and how is that then going to reverberate into our first time in-person [learning] in over a year?鈥� asked Kenneth Eban, an education activist in Minneapolis.

After Floyd鈥檚 death prompted the Minneapolis school board to terminate its longstanding contract with the city police department, the district hired a cadre of 鈥減ublic safety support specialists,鈥� many with criminal justice experience, to fill the void. Though the support specialists serve a security function, district leaders have touted them as a major shift from armed, school-based officers with arrest powers.

But critics are concerned that the district is building an internal security force that isn鈥檛 substantively different from police.

Among them is Khulia Pringle, the Minnesota delegate of the National Parents Union, who was invited to participate in the support specialists鈥� interviewing process. Since then, she鈥檚 felt 鈥渓eft out in the dark鈥� about how they鈥檒l be used once campuses fully reopen, with high schoolers scheduled to return April 12. As district leaders focus school safety conversations mainly on the pandemic, she said they鈥檝e provided parents with little information about the specialists, which she called an 鈥渆xperiment on the backs of鈥� students of color and those from low-income households.

鈥淚鈥檓 scared,鈥� Pringle said. 鈥淚 just pray to God that it all works out, and I pray to God that no Black child, no brown child and no indigenous child suffers any trauma trying to figure out if this experiment is going to work.鈥�

During remote learning, the Minneapolis safety specialists conducted home visits to re-engage students with attendance issues, trained school staff on how to de-escalate volatile situations with students, and conducted campus security assessments, Jason Matlock, the director of emergency management, safety and security, said in a statement.

Through the home visits, it was clear that they鈥檙e able to 鈥渂e a bridge between safety and relationship building.鈥�

As the highly charged Chauvin trial unfolds, the specialists have been readying to offer help to students who may be in distress.

鈥淲ithout some of the barriers to engagement that come from wearing a police uniform, they can be present, share authentic experiences with students and listen to the needs of the students,鈥� Matlock said.

Though the Minneapolis district was among the first to break from its police contract, dozens of districts nationwide were quick to follow. Education leaders in more than 40 cities have since removed or dramatically scaled back the presence of police in schools, according to a tally by the Education Civil Rights Alliance at the National Center for Youth Law.

Those locales span from Portland, Oregon, to Madison, Wisconsin. How these districts plan to move forward, however, varies widely across the country, said Miriam Rollin, director of the civil rights alliance. But in order for the various plans to work, she said, it鈥檚 critical that districts prioritize strategies that could prevent student outbursts in the first place, such as by hiring additional school counselors.

鈥淐an I be excited and concerned at the same time? I am excited about the potential to do it right, and I am concerned 鈥� deeply concerned 鈥� about the potential to do it wrong,鈥� Rollin said. 鈥淏oth are equally potential right now.鈥�

Advocates鈥� jitters, similar to those in Minneapolis, were evident in Los Angeles, where the school board . That vote cut 133 positions from the LA Unified School District police department, removed all officers from being stationed on campuses, banned the use of pepper spray on students and reallocated $25 million to an initiative to improve the educational experiences of Black students. The plan also includes the adoption of 鈥渟chool climate coaches,鈥� described by the district as student advocates focused on fostering positive school cultures.

Kelly Gonez, president of the school board in the nation鈥檚 second-largest school district, said that positive relationships between adults and students are critical to school safety. The new safety coaches, she said in a statement, will be 鈥渢rained in de-escalation techniques, implicit bias and socio-emotional learning strategies to assist students who may need support.鈥�

Under a new 鈥減atrol model,鈥� sworn police officers won鈥檛 be stationed on campus but will be nearby 鈥渋f an event requires an immediate response.鈥� Such a strategy will help protect students during an emergency, she said, while recognizing the needs of Black students 鈥渇or whom the presence of police on campus not only detracted from a feeling of safety, but often constituted actual harm.鈥�

Channing Martinez, the director of organizing at the Labor/Community Strategy Center, said the Los Angeles vote was a major victory for proponents of police-free schools, yet it was also just the first step in their goal to dismantle the district police department entirely. As the plan is implemented 鈥� L.A. schools are expected to 鈥� Martinez said it鈥檒l be critical to ensure the school climate coaches aren鈥檛 police with a different name.

鈥淭hat鈥檚 going to be the struggle,鈥� he said.

When the lunchroom feels like jail

The presence of school-based police has grown exponentially in the last several decades. About 43 percent of public K-12 schools 鈥� and 71 percent of high schools 鈥� had armed law enforcement officers stationed on campus in the 2015-16 school year, according to the most recent federal data. Proponents say the officers build positive relationships with students who see them as role models.

Even in Los Angeles, campus police enjoy support from the majority of students, parents and staff, according to . In total, 51 percent of students, 64 percent of parents and 59 percent of school staff said they believe school-based officers make campuses safe. Among students, just 17 percent said they do not feel safe when a police officer is present on campus and 27 percent said they feel uncomfortable around school police.

鈥淭he police are very nice to us,鈥� one Latino student told researchers in a focus group. 鈥淭hey are not scary, and they talk to us. If you say hi, they say hi back in a friendly manner.鈥�

But Los Angeles students鈥� perception of campus police varies widely based on their race; just 35 percent of Black students said that officers make schools safe compared with 54 percent of Latinos, 49 percent of whites and 56 percent of Asians/Pacific Islanders.

罢丑别谤别鈥檚 to suggest that school-based officers actually make campuses safer, and high-profile incidents of police brutality has galvanized a 鈥渃ounselors not cops鈥� protest movement that has called for schools to replace police with mental health supports and other non-punitive prevention measures.

Even with many campuses closed during the pandemic, several negative interactions between police and students have fueled advocates鈥� fire. In January, a school resource officer in Florida came under scrutiny for . Officials said the officer was trying to break up a fight when the teenage student attacked him. In a separate Florida incident, state law enforcement officials launched an investigation after another officer bodyslammed a female student in a campus breezeway.

In a focus group for the Los Angeles study, one Black student told researchers that the officers are rude to students and often confront them with force.

Officers treated one teen 鈥淟ike she was nothing,鈥� the student said. “I mean slammed her and the whole nine. So, they are very rough, and they are not very respectful.鈥�

For many Minneapolis students, the presence of police created a culture of fear, said Nathaniel Genene, a high school senior who was the school board鈥檚 student representative when it voted to terminate the police contract. This negative climate was particularly evident in the lunchroom, he said, where officers watched as students ate.

鈥淔or a lot of students that made them uncomfortable just eating and having someone staring down your back when you鈥檙e not doing anything that is of criminal intent,鈥� he said. 鈥淵ou鈥檙e just sitting there eating your food.鈥�

When he returns to in-person learning next month, the police won鈥檛 be there 鈥� a change that he called a 鈥渘ew chapter鈥� for the district. Though the school board鈥檚 decision to cut ties with the city police department 鈥渨as more of a moral question and a principles question,鈥� he expects students to feel just as safe as they did before. School-based police offered students 鈥渁 false sense of security,鈥� he said. 鈥淎s far as being able to sit in a lunchroom and not feel like you have a target on your back, I think it鈥檚 going to give kids a sigh of relief.鈥�

Minneapolis students who previously felt uneasy by the police presence on campus no longer 鈥渉ave to fear that the slightest mistake they make might have a law enforcement response,鈥� the district said in the statement. 鈥淚nstead, they see a member of their school community ready to advocate for them and keep their best interests and their safety in mind.鈥�

High school senior Genene was optimistic about the district鈥檚 decision to hire the public safety support specialists, noting that they were 鈥渘ever intended to be a one-for-one replacement鈥� of the school resource officers and, unlike campus cops, have an opportunity to become 鈥渢rusted adults鈥� for students in distress.

But their implementation comes at a time of heightened tension for the city, with the Chauvin trial underway. Local activist Marika Pfefferkorn, executive director of the Midwest Center for School Transformation and a proponent of the police-free schools movement, said she鈥檚 concerned about how the support specialists will confront potential classroom disruptions and youth involvement in protests. She questioned whether the support specialists would partner with city police to identify students involved in protests.

Now, as more school systems join the growing list of districts without police in schools, Pfefferkorn discouraged education leaders from looking to Minneapolis as a success story.

鈥淢inneapolis did a quick and easy solution and they didn鈥檛 engage in a larger conversation about what this would look like鈥� after the police were removed from schools, she said. 鈥淔or folks to be pointing at Minneapolis and saying 鈥楲ook, we鈥檝e got the next solution,鈥� if you鈥檙e in the research world you鈥檇 say, 鈥楾his is a theory, but we don鈥檛 have any evidence to back it up.鈥欌��

While some local activists have challenged the district鈥檚 decision to hire the support specialists, other school safety experts have derided Minneapolis鈥檚 move to terminate its police contract altogether. Consultant Kenneth Trump, president of National School Safety and Security Services, blasted districts鈥� embrace of police-free schools more broadly as being politically motivated. Their focus on optics rather than on conducting evaluations of school policing programs could come back to bite them, he predicted.

鈥淎ll hell鈥檚 going to break loose,鈥� Trump said, noting that districts could face negligence lawsuits if someone is harmed during a violent incident in school. The result, he said, could be the rise of student discipline policies that are even more punitive than before.

鈥淲e swing from one extreme to the other to a point of being radically lenient policy-wise on one hand to radically punitive and draconian on the other, the tough-on-crime stuff,鈥� he said. 鈥淭he best policy is usually somewhere in the middle, and we鈥檙e not in a society where anything is in the middle anymore.鈥�

The movement is about more than police

Though advocates for police-free schools found an unprecedented wave of victories following Floyd鈥檚 death, the hard work has just begun. Simply removing officers from schools was never the end goal, said Maria Fernandez, senior campaign strategist at The Advancement Project, a national racial justice group.

鈥淚mplementation is so critical, and it鈥檚 always the unsexy work,鈥� she said, requiring advocates to negotiate with districts to ensure resources traditionally earmarked for police are reinvested in student services, like counselors and restorative justice.

鈥淲e want to make sure that it鈥檚 not just about removing the police officers, but that we鈥檙e actually talking about transforming鈥� schools and the way they serve Black children, she said. 鈥淲e have to always be on the lookout for all the insidious ways that we know policing can happen,鈥� including surveillance and internal school security forces that function similar to police.

The same is true in Minneapolis. The struggle was never just about a dozen school-based officers, Eban, the education activist, said. Instead, it鈥檚 about a broader culture change away from punitive school policies, he said. But as students return after an extended period away, he urged educators to do everything in their power to avoid calling the police for backup. Every time an officer is called to a situation, he said, is 鈥渁 failure of the district to not be more intentional鈥� in their school safety protocols.

Educators will 鈥渘o longer have the crutch鈥� of school-based police 鈥渢o handle uncomfortable or difficult situations,鈥� the district said in the statement, noting that the safety specialists will 鈥渞educe the desire by adults to ask for police assistance鈥� during incidents that can be managed internally.

Advocates in Madison, Wisconsin, have also turned their focus on educators after succeeding in removing officers from classrooms. Bianca Gomez, the youth justice director at the nonprofit Freedom, Inc., said it鈥檚 important to 鈥渉old teachers accountable for using police to harm young people.鈥� The next step in police-free schools is ensuring that educators don鈥檛 simply call 911 on students, she said. To make that a reality, her group will ask educators to sign a pledge committing to not calling on police for backup.

鈥淲e don鈥檛 want any police having interactions with our young people,鈥� she said. 鈥淚t doesn鈥檛 matter if it鈥檚 a school cop, it doesn鈥檛 matter if it鈥檚 a community officer, it doesn鈥檛 matter if you鈥檙e just calling 911 and Officer Random shows up.鈥�

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