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Last year’s back-to-school by . It doesn’t take a crystal ball to predict that, without meaningful policy changes, staffing challenges will continue to undermine U.S. education and shortchange the country’s students. A growing number of states are seeing , and a new national of 2020-22 state-level data by the Learning Policy Institute in the United States were either unfilled or held by people who were not fully qualified — meaning they lacked credentials, held an emergency or temporary credential, were teaching while they completed their credential or were working in a subject or grade not covered by their current credential.

As pressing as it is to get qualified teachers in classrooms immediately to address shortages, effective policy must also focus on recruiting a well-prepared and diverse pool of candidates, along with retaining effective educators. 

Unfortunately, among high school and college students is at the lowest level it’s been in decades. Nationally, enrollment in preparation programs never quite rebounded after the Great Recession. National , collected by the U.S. Department of Education under Title II of the Higher Education Act since 1999-2000, show that enrollment dropped by about 100,000 candidates between 2012-13 and 2014-15 — a 15% decline. Forty states experienced declines in enrollment during this two-year period. From 2015-16 to 2020-21, total enrollment has remained fairly steady at just under 600,000 nationally, with a dip of about 45,000 candidates in 2018-19 that quickly rebounded in the following year.

But enrollment figures don’t tell the whole story, and, importantly, the number of people completing teacher preparation programs nationwide declined by 20% — about 40,000 — between 2012-13 and 2018-19, with modest increases of about 15,000 between 2018-19 and 2020-21.

While the national picture on enrollment and completion is still concerning, national trends hide considerable differences across states. Our recently published on the state of the

teacher workforce includes recent data on candidate enrollment and completion in teacher preparation programs by state. The Title II data from the most recent five years (2016-17 through 2020-21) show that 27 states have seen ongoing enrollment declines of 5% or more, seven states had relatively flat enrollment numbers and 17 states plus the District of Columbia saw increases of 5% or more. 

To understand this variation in enrollments and completions across states and the range of policies in place, it helps to look at some specific examples; these differences among states may shed important light on policy approaches that may expand the teacher pipeline. 

Washington state posted 17% increases in enrollment and 22% increases in completion over the past five years. Washington has invested in to address teacher recruitment and retention, such as increasing preparing to teach in high-need subject or geographic areas and investing in programs. 

California saw a 2% increase in enrollment and a 27% increase in completion rates over the past five years. The rise in the supply of fully prepared new entrants (and associated decline in hires with emergency-style permits) has coincided with substantial state investments to address teacher shortages, including in a grow-your-own program to support paraprofessionals and other school staff to become teachers, $515 million for who commit to teach in high-need schools and more than $600 million for . These efforts are contributing to a supply of new teachers that is : More than half of California’s newly prepared teachers are people of color. 

By contrast, Louisiana experienced a 25% decline in enrollment and a 23% drop in completion over the past five years, prompting the legislature in 2021 to create charged with studying the issue and providing a road map for recovery.

In Texas, enrollments have increased by 22% over the past five years, Importantly, this , which decreased by 9% — leaving the state with a declining number of fully prepared new teachers. Recognizing this, in 2021, the state began investing in high-retention pathways into teaching through the residency program and grow-your-own initiatives. These research-based approaches align with growing evidence showing that effective preparation, especially , is critical to ensure that beginning teachers are instructionally effective and remain in the classroom. 

The experience in Texas is not unique. across multiple states that candidates from traditional student-teaching programs and residencies are more likely to complete their training and stay in the profession than those from alternative routes that do not provide full preparation before new teachers enter the classroom. 

The wide-ranging differences in state rates of preparation program enrollment and completion also make it clear that addressing shortages is not a futile ambition. Not only is it possible, but it is happening in places with policies that foster long-term investments in affordable and effective pathways. And, with an ongoing focus on , the nation may finally be on the path to ending shortages for good. 

Disclosure: Walton Family Foundation, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Nellie Mae Education Foundation and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provide financial support to the Learning Policy Institute and The 74.

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